Hot metal typesetting - Wikipedia. Row of Linotype operators at the Chicago Defender newspaper, 1. In printing and typography, hot metal typesetting (also called mechanical typesetting, hot lead typesetting, hot metal, and hot type) refers to technologies for typesetting text in letterpress printing. This method injects molten type metal into a mold that has the shape of one or more glyphs. The resulting sorts and slugs are later used to press ink onto paper. Types of typesetting. One, known as the Monotype composition caster system, produced texts with the aid of perforated paper- ribbons, all characters are cast separate. These machines could produce texts also in . There was however another system, where the matrices for each line were assembled in a stick by hand: This machine was able to cast display body sizes that other mechanical composition systems were unable to produce. In this way headings could be produced to complement text produced on other machines. It also used the same alloy as Linotype machines, so was a useful adjunct to page makeup for newspapers as, when complete, all the metal could be remelted without having to be separated or the type from the headings redistributed back into case. The success of these machines lay in different fields: the Monotype caster was more popular for bookwork that required the ability to make manual corrections and edits while the slug casting systems found success in newspaper production where speed of production and make ready for print was essential. There is another essential difference between Monotype and all the . Linecasters cannot function this way, and these systems need quite large magazines of matrices to be able to set a complete line of text with the usual character repetitions. Indeed, the nominal 9. There is an additional difference: Monotype must use a punched paper tape, and the . One type is a space band (a special two- part sliding wedge) and the other is a letter matrix made of brass. The matrices are stored in one or more magazines on top of the machine (providing the operator with a choice of fonts; these can also be exchanged with other extra magazines as desired) while the space bands are stored in a box closer to the keyboard. Once a key is pressed, the matrix passes through what is known as the . When the space band key near the keyboard is pressed, one of the space bands drops out of the box and almost directly into the assembling elevator. The assembling elevator (or more commonly just the . Both the Linotype and Intertype machines have two important safeties that act during the casting operation. Both scenarios, if not stopped by these safety features, usually result in a . Not only is it time- consuming to clean up after a squirt, a tight line usually has not come down far enough to mate with the slots on the mold face, resulting in damage to the matrices. Therefore, it is considered very poor form for an operator (or the machinist who cared for the machine) to permit this to happen. When the line is assembled to the correct length, the operator presses down on a lever which raises the assembling elevator up into the delivery channel and starts the automatic casting cycle.
Overview of Two Tickets to Broadway, 1951, directed by James V. Kern, with Tony Martin, Janet Leigh, Gloria DeHaven, at Turner Classic Movies.The delivery channel transfers the matrices out of the assembler and into the first elevator. The first elevator then descends to a position in front of the mold, and if the elevator has not descended fully by the time the machine starts the process of aligning the matrices (most often caused by a . Once the matrices are in proper position, two actions take place in sequence: the matrices are aligned vertically and face- wise while a bar rises from below to force the movable sleeves on the space bands upwards to cause them to fill out the line to the exact width of the mold. If the justification bar has made a full cycle and the line is still not fully justified, the second safety. The space bands were an important feature of this machine, providing automatic justification of each line by equally adjusting the white space between each word. Since the type used was proportional and not fixed in width, solving this justification problem mechanically was very important. Some later models had a feature that permitted the lines to be cast with the alignment to either left, right or centered. Operators running earlier models would use special . The machine then separates the mold disk (carrying the freshly cast slug), the metal pot, and the first elevator. The mold disk then turns to present the line at the ejecting position, in the process passing by a knife that trims the base of the slug to type height (0. The slug is then forced through an adjustable pair of knives to trim the slug to the proper body height before sliding down into a . Depending on the model of machine, the mold disk could have 4 (standard), 6, or 2 molds, giving the operator his choice of line lengths and body sizes. As the mold disk is turning, the first elevator simultaneously rises to its upper position and the space bands and matrices are vertically aligned in preparation for the second transfer. The matrices have a series of teeth in a V- shaped notch on top, and as the transfer is completed, the matrices slide onto the second elevator bar which carries the matrices by these V- shaped notches. The space bands, having no such notches, remain in the second transfer channel and are soon gathered by two levers and pushed back into the space band box. While the space bands are being pushed into their box, the second elevator continues rising towards the distributing mechanism at the top of the machine, which returns the molds to their proper places in the magazine. At the top of the machine, a lever (the distributor shifter) moves left to get in position to push the incoming line of matrices off the second elevator and into the distributor box. This mechanism feeds the matrices at precise intervals such that they travel between three rotating screws. Each matrix is carried along a notched bar between the three screws until the notches on the bar and matrix match, whereupon the matrix drops down into its proper channel in the magazine. It was a source of pride for trained operators to boast of being able to . These feeders are actuated by various methods, but the end result is the same: the ingots are fed little by little into the pot, keeping it filled to the correct level. From time to time, the slug galley is transferred to the composing table to be set in the form, and once the press run is completed and the slugs removed from the form, they are tossed into the . At intervals the lead is remelted and the oxidized metal (dross) skimmed off. As part of this process, . The type metal is poured into ingot molds: small molds for manually feeding the metal pots or larger molds for the metal feeders. Linotype machine when the patents ran out and it became quite popular as well. This led to a long- lasting legal fight by the Mergenthaler Linotype Company (who eventually lost). A common . Late machines were either 6. How many cars were sold in the U.S. This statistic shows the number of cars sold in the U.S. In 2012, approximately 7.2 million of cars were sold. Hz or 5. 0 Hz alternating current, although early machines were made with direct current or 2. Hz or other alternating current motors, including two- phase motors. The metal pot could be either electric- or gas- heated, at the customer's option, for late machines. For early machines, kerosene and white gasoline were also options. It was thereby possible to install a Linotype machine in a premises which was without access to public utilities. Typograph and Monoline. Underneath was a pot of molten type metal and a plunger. The stick was used to hand compose the lines of type, typically headlines in 1. This was from brass matrix stored in cases on either side of the Ludlow. The cases were not the traditional . The metal type cabinets were built with inclined drawers for easy access to the matrices. After a line of type was assembled into the stick a special blocking slug was inserted to seal the end. Then the stick was placed mold side down into the slot on the table, a clamp locked down to securely hold the stick and the Ludlow activated. The plunger would snap down into the pot with considerable force, injecting molten type metal into the mold at a high rate of speed to ensure the mold was filled before the metal solidified. If the stick was not properly filled out or mounted firmly, or the special terminating block was forgotten, a dreaded . Operators were encouraged to wear heavy boots with steel toes and be quick at removing one. It was also not uncommon for some of the type metal to be projected up onto the ceiling, no matter the height. As with the Linotype / Intertype machines, the Ludlow machines were often fitted with metal feeders to keep the pot filled to optimum level. Towards the end of its life as a common backshop type setter, the Ludlow was often joined by the . A Ludlow slug was just the letters overhanging a central spine about 1. T shaped viewed from the end). It needed to be bolstered by Elrod slugs on either side for support. The number of slugs above and below the central spine could adjust the white space above and below the type making it a very flexible system for large type. The Elrod was a machine used to cast rules and spacing material (leading), of a specific width 1,1. Large areas of white space were created by wooden or later metal blocks called 'furniture'. Smaller odd areas were filled with square or rectangular blocks in various point sizes called quads. All these line- casting machines used various alloys near the eutectic point and which typically consisted of approximately 4% tin and 1. These alloys were proportioned such that the type metal would solidify as rapidly as possible at the lowest possible freezing point. Monotype. The paper tape would be first generated on a keyboard and then used to cast the type, the tape could be stored for future casting for subsequent editions. This was a popular system for book work. Text was produced completely aligned, with all spaces in each line exactly the same width.
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